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https://www.ni.com/en-us/innovations/white-papers/06/pid-theory-explained.html PID Controller are popular because of 1. Functional simplicity 2. Ro bust performance in a wide range of operating conditions 3. Simple operation PID algorithm consists of three basic coefficients; proportional, integral and derivative which are varied to get optimal response. Idea behind a PID controller is to read a sensor, then compute the desired actuator output by calculating proportional, integral, and derivative responses and summing those three components to compute the output. In a typical control system, the  process variable  is the system parameter that needs to be controlled, such as temperature (ºC), pressure (psi), or flow rate (liters/minute). A sensor is used to measure the process variable and provide feedback to the control system. The  set point  is the desired or command value for the process variable, such as 100 degrees Celsius in the case of a temperat...

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System is a generalized term for something that process an input to produce output or response. System may be physical like electrical or mechanical or it may be based on algorithm like information system. We will focus on physical system. A system from inside comprises of various components. Because of combination of those components, a particular system have particular property which tells how a system process input to produce an output. System property or behavior can be approximated by mathematical equations. If the system behavior resembles first order differential equation or equations, it is called First order system.  i.e the mathematical equation used to model the relation between the I/P and O/P of the system is a first order differential equation. If resembles second order differential equation or equations it is second order system. For example: RC circuit is an electrical system. It is composed of a resistor and a capacitor. Input to the system is eith...